Use of human small leucine zipper protein in adipocyte differentiation procedure

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a use of a human small leucine zipper protein in the adipocyte differentiation procedure. More specifically, sLZIP binds with PPARγ2 to induce the formation of a complex of HDAC3 and PPARγ2, thereby functioning as a corepressor to negatively inhibit the transcriptional activity of PPARγ2 and suppress the differentiation to adipocytes, and thus can be used as a marker for treating diabetes and obesity and developing new medicines therefor.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a use of human small leucine-zipperproteins in differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into adipocytes.

BACKGROUND ART

Cellular therapy is a hopeful new approach to address unmet medicalneeds in patients. Currently, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are used inmultiple human clinical trials. However, it has become necessary toaddress problems such as differentiation regulation of mesenchymal stemcells for medical treatment.

Adipocytes and osteoblasts are differentiated from mesenchymal stemcells, and such differentiation is regulated by a transcription factor.The balance between adipogenesis and osteogenesis in mesenchymal stemcells is very important to repair/regenerate and maintain homeostasis.The disruption of controlling the balance of these processes during MSCdifferentiation leads to the disorders such as osteoarthritis andosteoporosis. PPARγ2 is expressed when mesenchymal stem cells aredifferentiated into adipocytes and involved in expression regulation ofadipogenic genes. Also, Runx2 is expressed when osteoblasts aredifferentiated and involved in expression of osteogenic genes.Therefore, understanding the regulatory mechanism of transcriptionfactors in osteoblast and adipocyte differentiation is very important.

PPARγ is a member of the PPAR family of transcription factors thatincludes PPARα, PPARγ, and PPARγ. PPARγ is a master regulator inadipogenesis, lipid biosynthesis, inflammation, and glucose metabolism.Alternative splicing produces PPARγ variants, including two major formsof the protein, PPARγ₁ and PPARγ₂. PPARγ₂ differs from PPARγ₁ by 30additional amino acids on its N-terminus, and is expressed mainly inmacrophages and adipogenic cells and partially expressed in bone marrowstromal cells. PPARγ₁ is expressed in a wide range of tissues, includingskeletal muscle, adipose tissue and bone. Binding of PPARγ to specificDNA sequences, including peroxisome proliferator-activated responseelement (PPRE) which consists of 2 direct repeats of the consensusnuclear receptor half-site separated by 1 base pair, requiresheterodimerization with a second member of the nuclear receptor family,retinoic X receptor (RXR). This element is found in ap2 related to lipidstorage and a CD36 promoter involved in cholesterol transport. Theheterologous complex of PPARγ and RXR is associated with the nuclearreceptor corepressor complex, including histone deacetylase (HDAC),nuclear receptor corepressor (NCoR) and silencing mediator for retinoidand thyroid receptors (SMRT) in the absence of PPAR ligand. Ligandbinding to PPARγ triggers a conformational change and the corepressorcomplex is replaced by coactivators such as the p160/steroid receptorcoactivator (p160/SRC) family, the mediator complex including PPARγbinding protein (PBP), PGC-1 (PPARγ coactivator-1) and CREB bindingprotein (CBP), and p300, leading to transcriptional initiation of targetgenes by a conformational change. Many transcription factors and ligandsare involved in expression and function regulation of PPARγ.CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) is directly bound to a PPARγpromoter to promote transcription. Prostaglandin J2, which is a naturalPPARγ ligand, and thiazolidinediones (TZD), which is a syntheticreagent, for example, rosiglitazone and pioglitazone also increase atranscriptional activity of PPARγ. Retinoblastoma gene (RB) and cyclinD1 inhibit the transcriptional activity of PPARγ as a negativeregulator.

Leucine zipper protein (LZIP) is a member of the large family of bZIPthat belongs to the CREB/ATF gene family. LZIP includes a basicDNA-binding domain and a leucine-zipper domain that binds to a consensuscAMP-responsive element (CRE) and an AP-1 element. A human LZIP wasidentified as a host cell factor 1 (HCF-1) interacting protein thatpromotes cell proliferation and cellular transformation. N-terminal 92amino acids of LZIP are a potent transactivation domain that consists oftwo LxxLL-transcriptional coactivator interaction motifs. LZIP includesfive members, CREB3 (LZIP, Luman), CREB3L1 (OASIS), CREB3L2 (BBF2H7),CREB3L3 (CREB-H), and CREB3L4 (AIbZIP), which have a homology anddifferent functions of transcription factors. Function of LZIP has beenreported that LZIP binds to CCR1 and participates in regulation ofLkn-1-dependent cell migration. Also, LZIP binds to the CCR2 promoter,enhances expression of CCR2 and increases monocyte migration.

In recent years, a small LZIP, which is an isoform of LZIP, has beenidentified, and includes 354 amino acids having no transmembrane domain.sLZIP is not involved in LKN-1-dependent cell migration, activatesHDACs, and thereby inhibits a transcriptional activity of aglucocorticoid receptor.

Accordingly, the inventors studied the regulation mechanism of sLZIPthat regulates transcriptional activities of PPARγ and Runx2 inconnection with differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells intoosteoblasts and adipocytes, and thereby completed the invention.

DISCLOSURE Technical Problem

The present invention provides a use of stem cells as a differentiationregulator by identifying roles of a human small leucine-zipper protein(abbreviation: sLZIP) in differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells intoadipocytes.

The present invention also provides a use of the sLZIP for preventing ortreating diabetes or obesity.

The present invention also provides a screening use of the sLZIP for amedicine for preventing or treating diabetes or obesity.

Technical Solution

In order to achieve the above objects, the present invention provides acomposition for inhibiting differentiation of mesenchymal stem cellsinto adipocytes comprising human small leucine-zipper proteins as adifferentiation regulator.

The present invention also provides a composition for preventing ortreating diabetes comprising human small leucine-zipper proteins.

The present invention provides a use of human small leucine-zipperproteins for preparing a composition for preventing or treatingdiabetes.

The present invention also provides a method of treating diabetes of ananimal, including administering a composition for preventing or treatingdiabetes comprising a pharmaceutically effective dose of human smallleucine-zipper proteins to a subject.

The present invention also provides a composition for preventing ortreating obesity comprising human small leucine-zipper proteins.

The present invention also provides a use of human small leucine-zipperproteins for preparing a composition for preventing or treating obesity.

The present invention also provides a method of treating obesity of ananimal, including administering a composition for preventing or treatingobesity comprising a pharmaceutically effective dose of human smallleucine-zipper proteins to a subject.

The present invention also provides a screening method of a medicine forpreventing or treating diabetes, including bringing genes of human smallleucine-zipper proteins in contact with a candidate material outside ahuman body and determining whether the candidate material promotes orinhibits expression of the genes.

The present invention also provides a screening method of a medicine forpreventing or treating diabetes, including bringing human smallleucine-zipper proteins in contact with a candidate material outside ahuman body and determining whether the candidate material promotes orinhibits a function or an activity of the protein.

The present invention also provides a screening method of a medicine forpreventing or treating obesity, including bringing genes of human smallleucine-zipper proteins in contact with a candidate material outside ahuman body and determining whether the candidate material promotes orinhibits expression of the genes.

The present invention also provides a screening method of a medicine forpreventing or treating obesity, including bringing human smallleucine-zipper proteins in contact with a candidate material outside ahuman body and determining whether the candidate material promotes orinhibits a function or an activity of the protein.

Advantageous Effects

According to the present invention, human small leucine-zipper proteins(sLZIPs) are bound to PPARγ2 to induce the formation of an HDAC3 andPPARγ2 complex, and serve as a corepressor of PPARγ2 to negativelyinhibit the transcriptional activity of PPARγ2 and inhibitdifferentiation into adipocytes. Therefore, sLZIP serve as a regulatorthat regulates a balance of differentiation of adipocytes andosteoblasts in mesenchymal stem cells.

Therefore, sLZIP can be used for a therapeutic use for diabetes orobesity, or used as a marker for development of a new therapeuticmedicine.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows an effect of sLZIP according to the present invention ontranscriptional activities of PPARγ. FIGS. 1A to 1C show the resultsobtained by measuring a transcriptional activity of PPARγ2 due to sLZIPwhen rosiglitazone (RZD) (FIG. 1A), pioglitazone (PZD) (FIG. 1B) andtroglitazone (TZD) (FIG. 1C), which are ligands of PPARγ2, are treated.FIG. 1D shows the result obtained by measuring a transcriptionalactivity of PPARγ2 due to si-sLZIP. FIG. 1E shows the result obtained bymeasuring a transcriptional activity of PPARγ2 when mesenchymal stemcells overexpressing sLZIP are differentiated.

FIG. 2 shows the result obtained by examining a binding ability of sLZIPaccording to the present invention with respect to PPARγ. FIGS. 2A and Bshow the results obtained by examining a binding ability between sLZIPand PPARγ2 in 293T cells transfected with GST-sLZIP and Myc-PPARγ2 (FIG.2A) and GST-PPARγ2 and Flag-sLZIP (FIG. 2B). FIG. 2C shows theimmunoblotting result obtained by measuring whether His-sLZIP and PPARγ2bind using anti-PPARγ2 and anti-His antibodies. FIG. 2D shows themeasurement results of localizations in the nucleus of GFP-PPARγ2 andFlag-sLZIP expressed in C3H10T1/2 cells.

FIG. 3 shows the analysis result of genetic maps and binding regions ofsLZIP and PPARγ2 according to the present invention. FIG. 3A representssLZIP and FIG. 3B represents PPARγ2.

FIG. 4 shows the identification result of roles of HDAC3 intranscriptional activity inhibition of PPARγ2 due to sLZIP according tothe present invention. FIG. 4A shows a transcriptional activity effectof PPARγ2 after TSA serving as an inhibitor of HDAC is treated. FIG. 4Bshows a transcriptional activity effect of PPARγ2 after expression isinhibited through HDAC si-RNA. FIG. 4C shows a transcriptional activityeffect of PPARγ2 when HDAC3 is overexpressed. FIG. 4D shows the resultobtained by measuring localizations of HDAC3 and sLZIP in the nucleus.FIG. 4E is the result showing binding of HDAC3 and sLZIP according toGST pull-down analysis.

FIG. 5 shows the result of corepressor inducement of PPARγ2 due to sLZIPaccording to the present invention. FIG. 5A shows interaction of PPARγ2ligand-dependent sLZIP and PPARγ2. FIG. 5B shows a binding effect ofsLZIP and PPARγ2 due to PPARγ2 ligand treatment according to time ofday. FIG. 5C shows a binding effect of sLZIP and HDAC3, which is aninhibitor of PPARγ2, in the presence of a PPARγ2 ligand. FIG. 5D shows abinding effect of sLZIP and a PPARγ2 and HDAC3 complex. FIG. 5E shows abinding effect of sLZIP and a PPARγ2 and HDAC3 complex according toNCoR1 treatment. FIG. 5F shows a regulation mechanism of sLZIP forligand-dependent binding with PPARγ2 using sLZIP deletion mutants and arelation examination result.

FIG. 6 shows the result obtained by examining an effect of sLZIPaccording to the present invention on interaction between PPARγ2 andHDAC3. FIG. 6A shows an effect of sLZIP on interaction between PPARγ2and HDAC3. FIG. 6B shows the result of ubiquitination of HDAC3 due tosLZIP. FIG. 6C shows an effect of sLZIP on a PPARγ2 coactivator.

FIG. 7 shows the result of the found binding region of sLZIP accordingto the present invention in an FABP4 enhancer region. FIG. 7A shows theresult obtained by analyzing FABP4 enhancer sequences by a transcriptionelement search system (TESS) and AliBaba2. FIG. 7B shows the EMSA resultobtained by examining a DNA binding ability of sLZIP with variouselements in an FABP4 enhancer region. FIGS. 7C and 7D show the resultsof supershift analysis and cold competition analysis through which aspecific DNA binding ability of sLZIP with a CREB element in an FABP4enhancer region was identified. FIG. 7E shows the test result of atranscriptional activity of PPARγ2 using FABP4 enhancer-luciferaseconstructs. FIG. 7F shows the ChIP result.

FIG. 8 shows an effect of sLZIP according to the present invention in anadipogenesis. FIGS. 8A and 8B show an effect of sLZIP on adipogenesis invivo. FIGS. 8C and 8D show an effect of a transcriptional activity andPPARγ2 expression in adipogenesis of homologous mouse LZIPs. FIG. 8Eshows an effect of sLZIP on adipocyte differentiation in multipotentialmesenchymal progenitor cells.

FIG. 9 shows an effect of sLZIP according to the present invention onadipocyte differentiation in vivo. FIGS. 9A and 9B show preadipocytes(FIG. 9A) isolated from epididymal adipose tissues of sLZIP TG mice, andadipocytes differentiated from mouse embryonic fibroblasts (FIG. 9B).FIGS. 9C and 9D show the results obtained by measuring an mRNAexpression level of PPARγ2 target genes using RT-PCR (FIG. 9C) andreal-time PCR (FIG. 9D).

FIG. 10 is a diagram schematically illustrating a differentiationregulation effect of sLZIP according to the present invention inmesenchymal stem cells.

MODES OF THE INVENTION

Hereinafter, a configuration of the present invention will be describedin detail.

The present invention relates to a composition for inhibitingdifferentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into adipocytes comprisinghuman small leucine-zipper proteins as a differentiation regulator.

The inventors identified that sLZIP binds with PPARγ2 to induce theformation of a complex of HDAC3 and PPARγ2 on differentiation ofmesenchymal stem cells into adipocytes, serves as a corepressor ofPPARγ2 to negatively inhibit a transcriptional activity of PPARγ2 andinhibits differentiation into adipocytes, and adipocyte differentiationof sLZIP transgenic mice is inhibited in an experiment using the sLZIPtransgenic mice, and thereby completed the invention.

In general, sLZIP is a protein that an isoform of LZIP, includes 354amino acids having no transmembrane domain region, is not involved inLKN-1-dependent cell migration and activates HDACs, and thereby inhibitsa transcriptional activity of a glucocorticoid receptor.

Based on the result, the present invention proposes for the first timethe fact that sLZIP is a differentiation regulator of mesenchymal stemcells, which regulates a balance of differentiation of adipocytes andosteoblasts.

According to one embodiment of the present invention, sLZIP inhibits atranscriptional activity of PPARγ2 in dose-dependent manner. Inhibitionof the transcriptional activity of PPARγ2 occurred when sLZIP wasdirectly bound to PPARγ2. Binding of sLZIP and PPARγ2 was performed inthe nucleus. In order to examine a domain of sLZIP that is necessary tobind with PPARγ2, various sLZIP deletion mutants, for example,N-terminal deletion mutants (1-228), C-terminal deletion mutants(229-354) and CC-terminal deletion mutants (297-354) were prepared, anda PPAR binding domain was analyzed. As a result, a wild type sLZIP and Cand CC domains of sLZIP were bound to PPARγ2, but N domains of sLZIPwere not bound to PPARγ2. It can be seen that a CC-terminal domaincontaining a proline-rich region of sLZIP is important for binding withPPARγ2. Also, domains of PPARγ2 necessary for binding with sLZIP wereexamined. As a result, a ligand binding domain (AF-2) of PPARγ2 wasnecessary for binding with sLZIP. The result proved that LxxLL motifs ofsLZIP are not necessary for a binding ability although PPARγ2 interactswith sLZIP.

It has been known that the transcriptional activity of PPARγ isregulated by a coactivator and a corepressor, and PPARγ2 is bound to acorepressor complex, for example, HDAC3, SMRT and NCoR, in a restingstate. Accordingly, an effect of sLZIP on a transcriptional activity ofPPARγ2 due to HDACs was examined. As a result, when there was no HDACinhibitor, sLZIP inhibited the transcriptional activity of PPARγ2, butsLZIP did not decrease the transcriptional activity of PPARγ2 in cellstreated with the HDAC inhibitor. Such transcriptional activityinhibition of PPARγ2 was limited to only HDAC3 among class 1 HDACs.Also, sLZIP was bound to HDAC3, and thus it can be seen that sLZIP wasbound to HDAC3 to negatively regulate the transcriptional activity ofPPARγ2. Since the corepressor complex is replaced by a coactivator whenligand binding with a nuclear receptor is performed, binding betweensLZIP and PPARγ2 according to PPARγ2 ligand treatment was examined. As aresult, when there was no ligand, sLZIP was bound to PPARγ2, and whenthere was a ligand, sLZIP was isolated from PPARγ2 in a time-dependentmanner. Next, an effect of sLZIP for binding of PPARγ2 with thecorepressor complex was examined. The result showed that, when there wasno PPARγ2 ligand, sLZIP was bound to HDAC3 in a PPARγ2 corepressorcomplex. Also, it has been reported that LZIP includes an N-terminalactivity domain (1-220) and is involved in a transcriptional activity ofcAMP-response elements (CREs)-containing reporter genes. sLZIP, which isan isoform of the LZIP, is bound to PPARγ2, and is considered to bebound to a FABP4 promoter region and regulate a transcriptional activitythereof. In order to understand such a regulation mechanism, an effectof sLZIP when PPARγ2 and HDAC3 bind was examined. As a result, whenthere was a ligand, sLZIP increased binding between PPARγ2 and HDAC3,and when there was no ligand, PPARγ2 was bound to a corepressor such asHDAC3. When a PPARγ2 ligand was added, the PPARγ-corepressor complex wasisolated and degradation according to an ubiquitin and proteasomepathway was induced. Also, sLZIP inhibited HDAC3 ubiquitination when theligand was treated. Further, sLZIP inhibited the complementing of acoactivator PGC-1α for PPARγ2. That is, it can be seen that sLZIP isbound to PPARγ2 to regulate the transcriptional activity of PPARγ2, andincreases the formation of the corepressor complex.

PPARγ2 serves as a master regulator of adipogenesis, is highly expressedduring adipocyte differentiation, and regulates expression of genesinvolved in adipogenesis. Therefore, an effect of sLZIP on adipogenesisin vivo was examined. As a result, the transcriptional activity ofPPARγ2 decreased in adipocytes of sLZIP TG mice more than in wild type(WT) mice. It was examined whether homologous mouse LZIPs have aninfluence on a transcriptional activity and expression of PPARγ2 duringadipogenesis. As a result, mouse LZIPs also decreased thetranscriptional activity of PPARγ2 compared to the control group.Interestingly, mouse LZIP expression decreased during adipogenesis.sLZIP inhibited adipocyte differentiation in differentiation ofmultipotent mesenchymal progenitor cells into adipocytes. Also, inadipocyte differentiation in vivo, differentiation of primarypreadipocytes isolated from sLZIP TG mice and mouse embryonicfibroblasts (MEFs) was inhibited compared to wild type mice. Expressionof FABP4 and other PPARγ2 target genes, for example, C/EBPα and LPL, wasalso down-regulated.

Based on the result, it can be seen that sLZIP inhibits thetranscriptional activity of PPARγ2, and thereby serves as a negativeregulator on differentiation of adipocytes in vitro and in vivo.

A composition for promoting differentiation of the present invention mayinclude sLZIP such as natural or recombinant sLZIP or sLZIP having asubstantially equivalent physiological activity thereto. Proteins havinga substantially equivalent physiological activity include natural orrecombinant sLZIP, a functional equivalent thereof, and a functionalderivative thereof.

The term “functional equivalent” refers to an amino acid sequencevariant in which some or all of amino acids of natural proteins aresubstituted or some of the amino acids are deleted or added, and thathas a substantially equivalent physiological activity to that of naturalsLZIP.

The term “functional derivative” refers to a protein that has beenmodified to increase or decrease physical and chemical properties of thesLZIP, and has a substantially equivalent physiological activity to thatof natural sLZIP.

sLZIP of the present invention is a protein originating from a mammal,and preferably a human, and refers to a protein having a known sequence,for example, human-derived GenBank accession no. FJ263669, and morespecifically, a protein represented by an amino acid sequence listed inSEQ ID NO: 1.

According to a detailed example, sLZIP used in the present invention maybe prepared by genetic engineering methods that are known to thoseskilled in the art from GenBank accession no. FJ263669 and the like.

When proteins are prepared by a gene recombination method for naturalsLZIP, if mammal cells are used instead of E. coli or insect cells, itis considered to be more similar to a natural type in terms of a degreeof activity or solubility of proteins.

The recombinant sLZIP may be isolated using a typical columnchromatography method and the like. Also, a degree of purification ofproteins may be determined by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) andthe like.

The composition for inhibiting differentiation of the present inventionmay be added as a differentiation regulating factor when mesenchymalstem cells are cultured in vitro. For example, when adifferentiation-inducing culture of mesenchymal stem cells is performed,natural or recombinant sLZIPs are added so that the number ofosteoblasts can be regulated through a quantitative change thereof.

The composition for inhibiting differentiation of the present inventionmay further include a known differentiation-inducing factor that inducesdifferentiation of mesenchymal stem cells in addition to the sLZIP. Forexample, a ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), bone morphogeneticproteins (BMPs), a transforming growth factor (TGFα), or a neuregulin-1(Nrg1)/glia1 growth factor-2 (GGF2) may be used.

The present invention also relates to a composition for preventing ortreating diabetes comprising human small leucine-zipper proteins.

The present invention also provides a use of human small leucine-zipperproteins for preparing a composition for preventing or treatingdiabetes.

The present invention also relates to a composition for preventing ortreating obesity comprising human small leucine-zipper proteins.

The present invention also provides a use of human small leucine-zipperproteins for preparing a composition for preventing or treating obesity.

Since the sLZIP inhibits differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells intoadipocytes, it can be used as an agent for preventing or treatingdiabetes or obesity.

sLZIP used in the composition for preventing or treating diabetes orobesity of the present invention is a protein originating from a mammal,and preferably a human, and refers to a protein having a known sequence,for example, human-derived GenBank accession no. FJ263669, and morespecifically, a protein represented by an amino acid sequence listed inSEQ ID NO: 1.

The sLZIP may be included as a natural or recombinant protein type or atransformed stem cell type that overexpresses sLZIP.

The transformed stem cells that overexpress natural or recombinant sLZIPmay be prepared by introducing a vector that expresses natural orrecombinant sLZIP into stem cells using known methods.

The present invention also provides a method of treating diabetes of ananimal, including administering a composition for preventing or treatingdiabetes comprising a pharmaceutically effective dose of sLZIP tosubject.

The present invention also provides a method of treating obesity of ananimal, including administering a composition for preventing or treatingobesity comprising a pharmaceutically effective dose of sLZIP to asubject.

Since the pharmaceutical composition and the administration method usedin the method of treating diabetes or obesity have already beendescribed above, redundant description will not be provided in order toavoid excessive complexity in the present specification.

Meanwhile, a subject to which the pharmaceutical composition forpreventing or treating diabetes or obesity can be administered includesall animals, for example, non-human animals such as dogs, cats, andrats.

Also, a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may furtherinclude a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

The pharmaceutically acceptable carrier includes a carrier and a vehiclethat are commonly used in the field of medicine, and specifically,includes an ion exchange resin, alumina, aluminum stearate, lecithin, aserum protein (for example, human serum albumin), a buffer material (forexample, various phosphates, glycine, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate,and a partial glyceride mixture of saturated vegetable fatty acids),water, salts or electrolytes (for example, protamine sulfate, disodiumhydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, andzinc salts), colloidal silica, magnesium trisilicate,polyvinylpyrrolidone, a cellulosic substrate, a polyethylene glycol,sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, polyarylates, waxes, a polyethyleneglycol, lanolin, and the like, but the carrier is not limited thereto.

Also, the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention mayfurther include a lubricant, a wetting agent, an emulsifier, asuspending agent, or a preservative in addition to the above components.

As an aspect, the composition according to the present invention may beprepared as an aqueous solution for parenteral administration.Preferably, Hank's solution, Ringer's solution, or a buffer solutionsuch as a physically buffered saline, may be used. An aqueous injectionsuspension may include a substrate that may increase a viscosity of thesuspension such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sorbitol, or dextran.

The pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may besystemically or topically administered, and may be formulated in anappropriate formulation using a known technique for administration. Forexample, when the composition is administered orally, the compositionmay be mixed with an inert diluent or an edible carrier, sealed in ahard or soft gelatin capsule, or compressed into a tablet, and thenadministered. In oral administration, an activity compound may be mixedwith an excipient and used in the form of an intake tablet, a buccaltablet, a troche, a capsule, an elixir, a suspension, syrup, a wafer,and the like.

Various formulations for injection, parenteral administration, and thelike injection, parenteral administration, and the like may be preparedusing commonly used methods or techniques. Since sLZIP is very solublein a saline or a buffer solution, sLZIP is stored in a freeze-driedstate, and then an effective dose of sLZIP may be formulated in a salineor a buffer solution for administration in an appropriate form forintravenous injection, subcutaneous injection, intramuscular injection,intraperitoneal injection, percutaneous administration, and the likeimmediately before administration.

An effective dose of an active ingredient of the pharmaceuticalcomposition of the present invention refers to an amount that isnecessary to prevent, inhibit, or alleviate disease.

Therefore, the effective dose may be regulated according to variousfactors such as type of disease, severity of disease, an activeingredient contained in the composition and type and content of othercomponents, types of formulation, a patient's age, weight, generalhealth condition, and gender, diet, an administration time, anadministration route, a secretion rate of the composition, a treatmentperiod, and medicine used at the same time. For example, whenadministration is performed once or several times a day in adults, adose of 0.1 ng/kg to 10 g/kg of sLZIP of the present invention may beadministered.

The present invention also provides a screening method of a medicine forpreventing or treating diabetes, including bringing genes of human smallleucine-zipper proteins in contact with a candidate material outside ahuman body and determining whether the candidate material promotes orinhibits expression of the genes.

The present invention also provides a screening method of a medicine forpreventing or treating diabetes, including bringing human smallleucine-zipper proteins in contact with a candidate material outside ahuman body and determining whether the candidate material promotes orinhibits a function or an activity of the protein.

The present invention also provides a screening method of a medicine forpreventing or treating obesity, including bringing genes of human smallleucine-zipper proteins in contact with a candidate material outside ahuman body and determining whether the candidate material promotes orinhibits expression of the genes.

The present invention also provides a screening method of a medicine forpreventing or treating obesity, including bringing human smallleucine-zipper proteins in contact with a candidate material outside ahuman body and determining whether the candidate material promotes orinhibits a function or an activity of the protein.

According to the screening method of the present invention, first, acandidate material to be analyzed may be in contact with diabetes ormast cells including the gene or protein.

The candidate material may include a material promoting or inhibitingtranscription into mRNA and translation into proteins in sLZIP genesequences and a material estimated to have a possibility of a medicinepromoting or inhibiting a function or an activity of sLZIP proteinsaccording to a general selecting method, or randomly selected individualnucleic acids, proteins, peptides, other extracts, natural products,compounds, and the like.

Then, an amount of expression of the gene, an amount of proteins, or anactivity of proteins may be measured in candidate material-treatedcells. In the measurement result, when an increase or a decrease of theamount of expression of the gene, the amount of proteins, or theactivity of the proteins is measured, the candidate material may bedetermined as a material capable of preventing or treating diabetes orobesity.

In the above description, measurement of the amount of expression of thegene, the amount of proteins, or the activity of proteins may beperformed by various methods known in the related art, for example,RT-PCR, real time polymerase chain reaction, a Western blot, a Northernblot, an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), radioimmunoassayanalysis (RIA), radioimmunodiffusion, an immunoprecipitation assay, andthe like, but the method is not limited thereto.

A candidate material exhibiting an activity of promoting gene expressionor promoting a function of proteins obtained through the screeningmethod of the present invention can be a candidate material of atherapeutic agent for diabetes or obesity.

Such a candidate material of a therapeutic agent for diabetes or obesityserves as a leading compound in the later development process of atherapeutic agent for diabetes or obesity. When the leading compoundmodifies and optimizes a structure thereof such that functions of sLZIPgenes or proteins expressed therefrom may be promoted or inhibited, anovel therapeutic agent for diabetes or obesity can be developed.

Hereinafter, examples of the present invention will be described indetail. However, the following examples are only examples of the presentinvention, and the scope of the present invention is not limited to thefollowing examples.

Preparation Example

A Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) was commercially availablefrom GIBCO technologies, Inc (Gaithersburg), and fetal bovine serum wascommercially available from HyClone Laboratory (Logan, Utah).Anti-PPARγ2, anti-HDAC1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 9, anti-β-actin and anti-GSTantibodies were commercially available from Santa Cruz Biotechnology(Santa Cruz, Calif.). Anti-mouse and anti-rabbit peroxidase-boundsecondary antibodies were commercially available from Pierce (Madison,Wis.). β-glycerophosphate and ascorbic acid were commercially availablefrom Sigma (St. Louis, Mo.).

(Cell Culture and Differentiation)

Primary human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), C3H10T1/2, 293T and MEFcells were cultured in a DMEM to which thermally inactivated 10% FBS andpenicillin (100 U/mL)/streptomycin (100 μg/mL) were added. All celltypes were cultured in a humidified incubator containing CO₂ 5% under atemperature condition of 37° C. In order to induce osteoblastdifferentiation, the medium was exchanged with a DMEM in which 50 μg/mLof ascorbic acid, 10 mM of β-glycerophosphate and 10% FBS were containedfor 8 days. The differentiation medium was changed once every two days.

(Transient Expression and Viral Infection)

C3H10T1/2 and 293T cells were plated in a 12-well culture dish at adensity of 2×10⁵ cells/well and incubated for 24 hours. Then, accordingto instructions of the manufacturer, the cells were transfected with a0.2 μg of reporter genes and 0.1 to 0.5 μg of a laboratory plasmid usingLipofectamine 2000 or Genefectine. After 24 hours, the cells werecultured in a serum-free DMEM with or without 10 nM of rosiglitazone.siRNAs were prepared using sLZIP and HDAC target sequences (Table 1).For an RNA interference experiment, according to instructions of themanufacturer, the cells were transfected with scrambled control groupRNA and appropriate siRNAs using Lipofectamine 2000. Human MSC andC3H10T/1/2 cells were infected with an adenovirus vector containing cDNAof human sLZIP or an empty vector. The infected medium was exchangedwith a fresh medium after two hours.

TABLE 1 siRNA sequence (+dTdT) Forward Reverse ControlCCUACGCCACCAAUUUGGU ACGAAAUUGGUGGCGUAGG group (SEQ ID NO: 3)(SEQ ID NO: 4) sLZIP GGACCCAGAUGACUCCACA AUAUGCUGUGGAGUCAUCUGCAUAU(SEQ ID NO: 5) GGGUCC(SEQ ID NO: 6) HDAC1 CGACUGUUUGAGAACCUUAUAAGGUUCUCAAACAGUCGCU (SEQ ID NO: 7) (SEQ ID NO: 8) HDAC2GGUCAAUAAGACCAGAUA UUAUCUGGUCUUAUUGACCG A(SEQ ID NO: 9) (SEQ ID NO: 10)HDAC3 GCCGGUUAUCAACCAGGUA UACCUGGUUGAUAACCGGC (SEQ ID NO: 11)(SEQ ID NO: 12) HDAC8 CAUUCAGGAUGGCAUACAA UUGUAUGCCAUCCUGAAUGGG(SEQ ID NO: 13) (SEQ ID NO: 14)

(Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR and Real-Time PCR)

According to instructions of the manufacturer, a TRIzol reagent(Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) was added to directly lyse cells in aculture dish. Accupower RT PreMix (BioNeer, Daejeon, Korea) was used tosynthesize cDNA from 2 μg of total RNA. A reaction was performed for 60minutes at 42° C. and for 5 minutes at 94° C. PCR amplification wasperformed using oligomers listed in Table 2 and a Hipi PCR Mix Kit(ELPIS). As an internal control group, GAPDH was amplified. A PCRproduct was subjected to electrophoresis in 1-2% (w/v) agarose gelcontaining 0.5 μg/mL ethidium bromide. A size of the PCR product wasmeasured by comparing it with 1 kb DNA ladder marker (Invitrogen). Anintensity of bands amplified according to RT-PCR was analyzed usingMultiImage™ Light Cabinet (version 5.5, Alpha Innotech Corp., SanLeandro, Calif.).

Real-time PCR was performed in LightCycler 480 using a SYBR Green MasterMix (Roche, Mannheim, Germany). β-actin was used as an internal controlgroup. A target gene expression level rate with respect to β-actin wascalculated using CT method. A Ct value is defined as a PCR cycle numberat which a fluorescence signal reaches a fixed target threshold.Experiments were technically repeated three times for each experiment.

TABLE 2 Primer sequences for semi-quantitative RT-PCR Forward ReversesLZIP AGCAGCAGCATGTACTCCT CTAGCCTGAGTATCTGTC CT (SEQ ID NO: 15)CT (SEQ ID NO: 16) GAPDH CCATCACCATCTTCCAGGA CCAGGAAATCATGTGCAAG (SEQ ID NO: 17) TC (SEQ ID NO: 18) FABP4 GTGGGAACCTGGAAGCTTGCTTCACCTTCCTGTCGTC TC (SEQ ID NO: 19) TGC  (SEQ ID NO: 20) mLZIPATGGATCCTGGTGGTCAG CTAACCTGAATACCTGCC (SEQ ID NO: 21) (SEQ ID NO: 22)PPARγ2 ATGGGTGAAACTCTGGGAG CTAATACAAGTCCTTGTA A (SEQ ID NO: 23)GA (SEQ ID NO: 24) TG mice GGACGATGATGACAAGGAC GTCAGAGGAGTACATGCTgenotype T (SEQ ID NO: 25) GCT (SEQ ID NO: 26)

TABLE 3 Primer sequences for real-time RT-PCR Forward Reverse FABP4CATCAGCGTAAATGGGGAT TCGACTTTCCATCCCACTTC T(SEQ ID NO: 27)(SEQ ID NO: 28) C/EBPα TGGACAAGAACAGCAACG TCACTGGTCAACTCCAGCACAG(SEQ ID NO: 29) (SEQ ID NO: 30) LPL GGGCTCTGCCTGAGTTGTACCATCCTCAGTCCCAGAAAA G(SEQ ID NO: 31) (SEQ ID NO: 32) Sox9CTGAAGGGCTACGACTGG TACTGGTCTGCCAGCTTCCT AC(SEQ ID NO: 33)(SEQ ID NO: 34) Col2A1 GCCAAGACCTGAAACTCTG GCCATAGCTGAAGTGGAAGCC(SEQ ID NO: 35) (SEQ ID NO: 36) OSCAR CACACACACCTGGCACCTA GAGACCATCAAAGGCAGAGC C(SEQ ID NO: 37) (SEQ ID NO: 38) CTSKCCAGTGGGAGCTATGGAA AAGTGGTTCATGGCCAGTTC GA(SEQ ID NO: 39)(SEQ ID NO: 40) TARP TCCTGGCTCAAAAAGCAGT ACATAGCCCACACCGTTCTCT(SEQ ID NO: 41) (SEQ ID NO: 42) TG mice TCGATTCCAGGCTTATGGAAGTCGCTCGGTACCTCAGAA sLZIP G(SEQ ID NO: 43) (SEQ ID NO: 44) hGAPDHGACAAGCTTCCCGTTCTCA GAGTCAACGGATTTGGTCGT G(SEQ ID NO: 45)(SEQ ID NO: 46) mGAPDH ACCCAGAAGACTGTGGAT CACATTGGGGGTAGGAACACGG(SEQ ID NO: 47) (SEQ ID NO: 48)

(Western Blot Analysis)

Cells were obtained and washed with ice-cold PBS twice. An RIPA buffer(10 mM of HEPES, 10 mM of NaCl, 0.1 mM of EDTA, 0.1 mM of EGTA, 1%NP-40, 0.5 mM of PMSF, 0.1 mM of DTT, 0.1 mM of Na₃VO₄, and a proteaseinhibitor) was used to prepare cell extracts. A suspension wascentrifuged at 16,000×g for 20 minutes at 4° C. Supernatants werecollected and mixed with a sample buffer. A protein sample was isolatedin SDS-PAGE (8 to 15%), and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes. Themembranes and appropriate antibodies were incubated overnight at 4° C.Then, each immunoblot was incubated in secondary antibodies labeled withhorseradish peroxidase. Immune-labeled proteins were observed using ECLanalysis (Amersham), and an ECL reaction was developed using an X-rayfilm. The blot was stripped and then anti-β-actin was reacted again andused as an internal control group.

(Activity Analysis of Luciferase Reporter Gene)

Appropriately transfected cells were washed with cold PBS twice, and areporter lysis buffer (Promega) was used and lysed in a culture dish.Luciferase analysis was performed using a luciferase analysis system(Promega Corporation, Madison, Wis.). A luciferase activity was recordedin Luminometer 20/20^(n) (Turner BioSystems, Sunnyvale, Calif.)according to instructions of the manufacturer. The luciferase activitywas normalized to a β-galactosidase activity. For β-galactosidaseanalysis, CMV-β-galactosidase was transfected with luciferase reportergenes. All pieces of data were represented as mean±standard deviation ofthe results from at least three independent experiments.

(Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay, EMSA)

T4 polynucleotide kinase (Promega, Madison, Wis.) was used to label5′-terminal of oligonucleotides with [γ-³²P]ATP (Perkin Elmer, Waltham,Mass.). According to instructions of the manufacturer, unboundnucleotides were removed through tubes in a Bio-Gel P-6 spin column(Bio-Rad, Inc., Hercules, Calif.). His-sLZIP proteins were pre-incubatedfor 20 minutes at room temperature in a 5× binding buffer [10×GRAB, 20mM of DTT, poly(deoxyinosinic-deoxycytidylic), Sigma, St. Louis] andradiolabeled probes. Reaction mixtures were loaded in wells of 4%nondenaturing polyacrylamide gels, and subjected to electrophoresis for45 minutes at 180 V in a 0.5×TBE buffer. For competition experiments, abinding reaction was incubated for 30 minutes with 100-fold molar excessof unlabeled CREB binding oligonucleotides before radiolabeledoligonucleotides were added. For supershift analysis, anti-Hisantibodies were added to a reaction mixture on ice for additional 30minutes. Probes used for EMSA are listed in Table 4.

EMSA probe sequences #1 C/EBPβ GAATTCCAGCAGGAATCA CCTGATTCCTGCTGGAAGG (SEQ ID NO: 49) TTC(SEQ ID NO: 50) #2 CREB/ GAAGGGATTGATGTCAGCTCCTGCTGACATCAATC AP-1 AGGA  CCTTC  (SEQ ID NO: 51) (SEQ ID NO: 52)#3 AP-1 GCAGGAGTCACCACCCAG CTCTGGGTGGTGACTCC AG (SEQ ID NO: 53)TGC (SEQ ID NO: 54) #4 C/EBPβ ATGGAGTTCCCAGATGCC CAGGCATCTGGGAACTCTG (SEQ ID NO: 55) CAT (SEQ ID NO: 56) #5 AP-1 GTGGAAGTGTCACAGCCCTTGGGCTGTGACACTTC AA (SEQ ID NO: 57) CAC (SEQ ID NO: 58) #6 C/EBPβTCTCTCTCTTGCTAAACCT GGAGGTTTAGCAAGAGA CC (SEQ ID NO: 59)GAGA (SEQ ID NO: 60) #7 C/EBPβ GGTTTCATTTCTGAATCAT AGTAGATGATTCAGAAACTACT  TGAAAC  (SEQ ID NO: 61) (SEQ ID NO: 62) CREB GAAGGGATTGGGGTCAGCTCCTGCTGACCCCAATC Mutant AGG A  CCTTC  (SEQ ID NO: 63) (SEQ ID NO: 64)

(Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Assay)

C3H10T1/2 cells grown in a 100-mm culture dish were infected withadenovirus HA-sLZIP. After the infection, the cells remained in a growthmedium until the cells reaches 100% confluence, and the medium wasexchanged with a differentiation medium. The cells were washed with1×PBS, the medium was treated with 1% formaldehyde for 10 minutes atroom temperature, and then glycine was added for 5 minutes at a finalconcentration of 0.125 M. The cells were strapped with PBS, andcentrifuged at 1000×g for 5 minutes at 4° C. ChIP analysis was performedsuch that anti-HA antibodies and anti-rabbit IgG serving as an internalcontrol group were used and precipitated together with a DNA-proteincomplex. An enhancer region of FABP4 including a functional CREs wasamplified from the prepared DNA.

(Co-Immunoprecipitation Analysis)

293T cells were obtained and washed with cold PBS. The cells werere-suspended in an IP lysis buffer [25 mM of Tris-HCl (pH 7.4), 150 mMof NaCl, 1 mM of EDTA, 1% NP-40 and 5% glycerol, and a proteaseinhibitor]. A suspension was centrifuged at 16,000×g for 20 minutes at4° C. Supernatants were collected and incubated with 0.5 μg ofappropriate antibodies and 25 μl of protein A/G-agarose or a GSTSepharose 4B bead for 24 hours at 4° C. A protein complex wascentrifuged at 1,000×g with a cold IP lysis buffer for 1 minute andwashed five times. The final pellet was re-suspended in 50 μl of anSDS-sample buffer containing 5% β-mercaptoethanol and heated for 10minutes at 100° C. A protein sample was isolated in SDS-PAGE (8 to 10%)and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes. Co-precipitated proteinswere detected according to western blotting using specific antibodies.

(Fluorescence Microscopic Analysis)

C3H10T1/2 cells were transiently ci-transfected with Flag-sLZIP,GFP-PPARγ2 or GFP-sLZIP, and HDAC3 was grown on cover slip. After 24hours, the cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 10 minutes andpermeabilized 0.2% Triton-X 100 for 5 minutes. The cells were incubatedwith 1% BSA for one hour, and then incubated with anti-Flag andanti-HDAC3 antibodies overnight at 4° C. The cells were washed with PBS,and then were incubated with Texas Red-labeled antibodies for 2 hours. Acover slide was washed with PBS, and mounted on and examined using a LSM510 META confocal microscopy (Carl Zeiss, Jena, Germany).

(Purification of his-sLZIP Protein)

sLZIP was cloned into a pET-28a(+) vector. His-sLZIP proteins wereexpressed in Escherichia coli (E. coli) BL21 cells using a T7isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG)-inducible system.IPTG-induced cells were disrupted by sonification and cell lysates wereclarified by centrifugation. His-sLZIP proteins were applied onto anickel-nitrilotriacetic acid bead column (Bio-Rad, Richmond, Calif.).The column was washed with a great volume of a lysis buffer and 10 mM ofimidazole, and eluted in a Ni-NTA elution buffer (Bio-Rad Laboratories,Hercules, Calif.). A fraction containing His-sLZIP proteins was dialyzedagainst 10% glycerol, and stored at −80° C. Protein purification wasevaluated according to 10% SDS-PAGE/Coomassie blue staining and a purityof >98% in general was shown.

(sLZIP Transgenic Mouse Generation)

In order to generate human sLZIP transgenic (TG) mice, sLZIP genes werecloned into a pCMV-flag expression vector. The sLZIP TG mice weregenerated by Macrogen, Inc (Seoul, Korea). Transgenic founders weremated with wild type C57BL/6 mice to produce F1 heterozygotes. F1-F4generations were genetically screened for transgenes at an age of 2weeks old. The following two primers were used to amplify genomic DNA inorder to identify wild type and TG mice: 5′-GGA CGA TGA TGA CAA GGACT-3′ and 5′-GTC AGA GGA GTA CAT GCT GCT-3.′

(Statistical Analysis)

Data were represented as mean±standard deviation. Statistical evaluationwas performed using one-way ANOVA. Data was considered to bestatistically significant when p<0.05 is satisfied. All statisticalanalyses were performed using a computer program Prism (GraphPadSoftware, La Jolla, Calif.).

Example 1 Effect of sLZIP on Transcriptional Activity of PPARγ

A nuclear receptor PPARγ is an important positive regulator of adipocytedifferentiation in MSCs, and serves as a negative regulator inosteoblast development. In previous studies, sLZIP was known to berelated to many types of nuclear receptor transcriptional activities,for example, a GR, an estrogen receptor (ER) and an androgen receptor(AR). Also, human sLZIP includes two LxxLL motifs that are necessary andsufficient for interaction with nuclear receptors. Therefore, theinventors focused on a relation between sLZIP and PPARγ2.

In order to examine an effect of sLZIP on the transcriptional activityof PPARγ2, 293T cells were temporarily transfected with PPARγ2 (0.5 μg),β-galactosidase (0.1 μg), FABP4-Luc reporter genes (0.2 μg) and sLZIP atdifferent contents (0.1 to 0.5 μg). After the transfection, the cellswere stimulated with or without 10 nM of rosiglitazone (RZD) (FIG. 1A),pioglitazone (PZD) (FIG. 1B), and troglitazone (TZD) (FIG. 1C). Arelative luciferase activity was analyzed with or without cell ligandtreatment 24 hours after transfection. Also, the 293T cells weretransiently transfected with si-sLZIP at different contents (50 and 100nM), and the cells were treated or not treated with RZD (FIG. 1D).FABP4-Luc stable C3H10T1/2 cells were infected with a sLZIP-expressingadenovirus, and then differentiated into adipocytes for 4 days (FIG.1E). A luciferase activity was normalized to a β-galactosidase activityand represented as a relative activity (fold change). All experimentswere repeated three times, and bars in the graph represent mean±standarddeviation. *, P<0.05; **, P<0.01

As shown in FIGS. 1A to 1C, sLZIP inhibits the transcriptional activityof PPARγ2 in a concentration-dependent manner. The transcriptionalactivity of PPARγ2 was down-regulated due to sLZIP according to thepresence of various PPARγ2 ligands compared to the control group.

In order to determine the effect of sLZIP on the transcriptionalactivity of PPARγ2, sLZIP expression was knocked-down using siRNA(si-sLZIP) for sLZIP. As a result, sLZIP expression inhibition due tosi-sLZIP increased the transcriptional activity of PPARγ2 (FIG. 1D).

Also, in order to examine whether the transcriptional activity of PPARγ2in the cell is regulated by sLZIP, C3H10T1/2 cells stably expressingFABP4 reporter genes were infected with a sLZIP-expressing adenovirusand then differentiated into adipocytes. As a result, as shown in FIG.1E, the transcriptional activity of PPARγ2 decreased in adipocytes dueto sLZIP.

Example 2 Examination of Interaction of sLZIP and PPARγ2

In order to examine whether the transcriptional activity of PPARγ2 isregulated by interaction with sLZIP, interaction between sLZIP andPPARγ2 was examined. For this purpose, 293T cells were transfected withGST-sLZIP and Myc-PPARγ2. Cell lysates were obtained and GST pull-downanalysis was performed using a glutathione 4B bead. A protein complexwas analyzed in SDS-PAGE and then immunoblotted with specific antibodies(FIG. 2A). The 293T cells were transfected with GST-PPARγ2 andFlag-sLZIP, and identified according to GST-pull-down analysis (FIG.2B). PPARγ2 was translated in vitro by a TNT translation system(Promega). His-sLZIP proteins were expressed in BL21 cells using anIPTG-inducement system. Purified His-sLZIP proteins were subjected toHis pull-down analysis. Proteins bound to the bead were analyzed inSDS-PAGE, and then immunoblotted with anti-PPARγ2 and anti-Hisantibodies (FIG. 2C). GFP-PPARγ2 and Flag-sLZIP constructs wereexpressed in C3H10T1/2 cells, and analyzed using mouse anti-Flag andTexas Red-labeled anti-mouse antibodies under a fluorescence microscope.The nucleus was stained with DAPI (FIG. 2D).

As shown in FIG. 2A, sLZIP interacted with PPARγ2.

In order to verify the interaction, 293T cells were transfected withGST-PPARγ2 and Flag-sLZIP, and GST pull-down analysis was performed. Asa result, PPARγ2 interacted with sLZIP (FIG. 2B).

It was examined whether sLZIP directly interacts with PPARγ2. As aresult, as shown in FIG. 2C, PPARγ2 was directly bound to sLZIP.

Also, in order to characterize interaction between sLZIP and PPARγ2,subcellular localization of sLZIP and PPARγ2 were examined. sLZIP waslocalized in the nucleus together with PPARγ2 (FIG. 2D).

Based on the result, it can be seen that sLZIP interacted directly withPPARγ2 to negatively regulate the transcriptional activity of PPARγ2.

Activation of many nuclear receptors depends on a supplement ofcoactivators. Therefore, a domain of sLZIP necessary for binding withPPARγ2 was examined. For this purpose, 293T cells were transfected withGST-full length sLZIP (1-354), N-terminal deletion mutant sLZIP (1-228),C-terminal deletion mutant sLZIP (229-354), CC-terminal deletion mutantsLZIP (297-354) and PPARγ2. Cell lysates were obtained and GST pull-downanalysis was performed using a glutathione 4B bead. A protein complexwas analyzed in SDS-PAGE, and then immunoblotted with specificantibodies (FIG. 3A). 293T cells were transfected with Flag-full lengthPPARγ2, full length PPARγ2, N-terminal deletion mutant PPARγ2 (1-310),C-terminal deletion mutants PPARγ2 (139-505) and GST-sLZIP. Cell lysateswere obtained and GST pull-down analysis was performed. A proteincomplex was analyzed in SDS-PAGE, and then immunoblotted with anti-GSTand anti-Flag antibodies (FIG. 3B).

As shown in FIG. 3A, a wild type sLZIP and C and CC domains of sLZIPwere interacted with PPARγ2, but N domains of sLZIP were not interactedwith PPARγ2. It can be seen that a CC-terminal domain containing aproline-rich region of sLZIP is important for binding with PPARγ2.

Also, domains of PPARγ2 necessary for binding with sLZIP were examined.As a result, as shown in FIG. 3B, a ligand binding domain (AF-2) ofPPARγ2 was necessary for binding with sLZIP.

That is, it is proved that LxxLL motifs of sLZIP are not necessary for abinding ability while PPARγ2 is bound to sLZIP.

Example 3 Identification of Roles of HDAC3 in Inhibition of PPARγ2Transcriptional Activity by sLZIP

The transcriptional activity of PPARγ is regulated by a coactivator anda corepressor. In general, in a resting state, PPARγ2 interacts with acorepressor complex, for example, HDAC3, SMRT and NCoR. However, whenactivation due to a ligand is performed, the corepressor complex isreplaced with a coactivator, for example, p300/CBP, p160, and PGC-1, andleads transcription initiation of a target gene. In previous studies, ithas been reported that sLZIP collects and activates HDACs, and thusdecreases a GR transcriptional activity. HDAC3 was also specificallybound to LZIP among all class 1 HDACs. Therefore, in order to understandan effect of sLZIP on the transcriptional activity of PPARγ2 due toHDACs, trichostain A (TSA), which is an HDAC inhibitor, was used toexamine whether HDACs are involved in the transcriptional activityinhibition of PPARγ2 due to sLZIP.

For this purpose, 293T cells were transiently transfected with PPARγ2(0.5 μg), β-galactosidase (0.1 μg), FABP4-Luc reporter genes (0.2 μg)and sLZIP (0.1 μg). After the transfection, the cells were stimulatedwith or without 10 nM of RZD and 10 nM of TSA (FIG. 4A). A promoteractivity was measured according to luciferase analysis. In the 293Tcells, FABP4-Luc reporter genes, sLZIP, PPAR, β-galactosidase, and 100nM of si-RNAs and HDAC1, 2, 3 and 8 for a control group were expressed.After the transfection, the cells were stimulated with or without 10 nMof RZD, and a promoter activity was measured (FIG. 4B). 293T cells weretemporarily transfected with FABP4-Luc reporter genes, PPARγ2,β-galactosidase, HDAC3 (0.5 μg) and sLZIP (0.1 μg). After thetransfection, the cells were stimulated with or without 10 nM of RZD,and luciferase analysis was performed (FIG. 4C). A luciferase activitywas normalized to a β-galactosidase activity and represented as arelative intensity (fold change). All experiments were repeated threetimes, and bars in the graph represent mean±standard deviation.GFP-sLZIP expression constructs were expressed in C3H10T1/2 cells,rabbit anti-HDAC3 antibodies and Texas Red-labeled anti-rabbitantibodies were used and analysis was performed under a fluorescencemicroscope. The nucleus was stained with DAPI (FIG. 4D). 293T cells weretransfected together with GST-HDAC3 and Flag-sLZIP. Cell lysates werepulled-down using a glutathione 4B bead. A protein complex was analyzedin SDS-PAGE, and anti-GST and anti-Flag antibodies were used forimmunoblotting (FIG. 4E). *, P<0.05; **, P<0.01

As shown in FIG. 4A, while there is no TSA, sLZIP inhibits thetranscriptional activity of PPARγ2, but sLZIP did not decrease thetranscriptional activity of PPARγ2 in the cells treated with TSA.

Next, it was examined whether sLZIP-mediated transcriptional activityinhibition of PPARγ2 was limited to only HDAC3 among class 1 HDACs. As aresult, as shown in FIG. 4B, siRNA for HDAC1, 2 and 8 was not involvedin sLZIP-mediated PPARγ2 regulation. However, when HDAC3 wasknocked-down, the sLZIP-mediated PPARγ2 transcriptional activity wassignificantly increased.

In order to verify the result, cells were transfected with sLZIP andHDAC3 expression constructs. As a result, inhibition of sLZIP-mediatedPPARγ2 transcriptional activity was significantly down-regulatedaccording to transfection of both sLZIP and HDAC3 (FIG. 4C).

Next, subcellular localization of sLZIP and HDAC3 was examined. As aresult, sLZIP was localized in the nucleus together with HDAC3 (FIG.4D).

Since it has been reported that HDAC3 specifically interacts with LZIP,interaction between sLZIP and HDAC3 was examined. The result showed thatsLZIP interacted with HDAC3 (FIG. 4E).

That is, it can be seen that sLZIP was bound to HDAC3 to negativelyregulate the PPARγ2 transcriptional activity.

Example 4 Effect of sLZIP on Corepressor Complex Formation of PPARγ2

The corepressor complex is replaced by a coactivator on ligand bindingto a nuclear receptor. Therefore, interaction between sLZIP and PPARγ2by ligand treatment was examined.

For this purpose, 293T cells were transfected with GST-PPARγ2 andFlag-sLZIP and were treated or not treated with 10 nM of RZD for 24hours. Cell lysates were obtained and GST pull-down analysis (FIG. 5A)and immunoprecipitation (FIG. 5B) were performed using a glutathione 4Bbead. A protein complex was analyzed in SDS-PAGE, and immunoblotted withanti-GST and anti-Flag antibodies. GST-PARγ2 and Flag-sLZIP wereexpressed in the 293T cells, and the cells were treated with 10 nM ofRZD according to time of day. The cell lysates were GST pull-downanalyzed (FIG. 5C). 293T cells were transfected with GST-HDAC3 andFlag-sLZIP, and treated or not treated with 10 nM of RZD for 24 hours.The cell lysates were GST pull-down analyzed (FIG. 5D). Flag-sLZIP wasexpressed in the 293T cells, and the cells were treated with 10 nM ofRZD for 24 hours. Immunoprecipitation analysis of the cell lysates wasperformed using anti-NCoR1 antibodies. A protein complex was analyzed inSDS-PAGE, and then immunoblotted with anti-NCoR1 and anti-Flagantibodies (FIG. 5E). 293T cells were transiently transfected withPPARγ2 (0.5 μg), β-galactosidase (0.1 μg), FABP4-Luc reporter genes (0.2μg) and various deletion mutants (0.1 μg) of sLZIP. After thetransfection, the cells were stimulated with or without 10 nM of RZD(FIG. 5F). A luciferase activity was normalized to a β-galactosidaseactivity and represented as a relative activity (fold change). Allexperiments were repeated three times and data was represented asmean±standard deviation. *, P<0.05; **, P<0.01.

As a GST pull-down experiment result, when there was no stimulation witha ligand, sLZIP interacted with PPARγ2 (FIG. 5A). However, when theligand was treated, sLZIP was dissociated from PPARγ2.

Immunoprecipitation analysis was used to examine interaction betweensLZIP and PPARγ2 in cells expressing Flag-sLZIP and GST-PPARγ2. As aresult, as shown in FIG. 5B, when the ligand was treated, PPARγ2 wasdissociated from sLZIP.

In order to determine ligand-dependent dissociation, time dependence ofinteraction between sLZIP and PPARγ2 in a reaction with RZD wasexamined. As a result, sLZIP was dissociated from PPARγ2 in atime-dependent manner (FIG. 5C).

Next, an effect of sLZIP on interaction with the corepressor complex ofPPARγ2 corepressor was examined. As a result, when no RZD was treated,sLZIP interacted with HDAC3 in a PPARγ2 corepressor complex (FIG. 5D).While PPARγ2 was dissociated from sLZIP due to RZD treatment, HDAC3 wasremained as being interacted with sLZIP (FIG. 5D). However, when RZD wastreated, NCoR1 was slightly dissociated from sLZIP (FIG. 5E).

Also, a regulation mechanism of sLZIP in ligand-dependent interactionwith PPARγ2 and a relation thereof in regulation of the PPARγ2transcriptional activity were examined. As a result, when RZD wastreated, sLZIP was dissociated from PPARγ2, and still inhibited thePPARγ2 transcriptional activity (FIG. 5F). The transcriptional activityof PPARγ2 was inhibited by sLZIP deletion mutants (1-220) that were notinteracted with PPARγ2 (FIG. 5F).

It has been reported that LZIP had an N-terminal activity domain (1-220)and was involved in a transcriptional activity of cAMP-response elements(CREs)-containing reporter genes. That is, it is considered that sLZIPinteracts with PPARγ2, and probably bound to an FABP4 promoter regionand regulates a transcriptional activity thereof.

Therefore, in order to understand a regulation mechanism of sLZIP in thePPARγ2 transcriptional activity by binding to the FABP4 promoter region,an effect of sLZIP on the interaction between PPARγ2 and HDAC3 wasexamined. For this purpose, 293T cells were transfected with GST-HDAC3,Myc-PPARγ2 and Flag-sLZIP, and were treated or not treated with 10 nM ofRZD for 24 hours. Cell lysates were subjected to GST pull-down analysisusing a glutathione 4B bead, and a protein complex was analyzed inSDS-PAGE, and then immunoblotted with anti-GST, anti-Myc and anti-Flagantibodies (FIG. 6A). GST-HDAC3, GST-PPARγ2, Myc-PPARγ2, Flag-sLZIP andHa-UB were expressed in the 293T cells, and the cells were treated with10 nM of RZD for 24 hours. Cell lysates were subjected to GST pull-downanalysis (FIG. 6B). GST-PPARγ2 and Flag-sLZIP were expressed in the 293Tcells and treated with 10 nM of RZD for 24 hours. Cell lysates weresubjected to GST pull-down analysis, and a protein complex was analyzedin SDS-PAGE, and then immunoblotted with anti-PGC1α, anti-GST andanti-Flag antibodies (FIG. 6C).

As shown in FIG. 6A, as a GST pull-down analysis result, sLZIP enhancedinteraction between PPARγ2 and HDAC3 in the presence of ligand.

When no ligand was treated, PPARγ2 interacted with a corepressor such asHDAC3, and when a PPARγ2 ligand, rosiglitazone, was added, dissociationof a PPARγ-corepressor complex occurred, and degradation by a ubiquitinand proteasome pathway was induced. It was measured whether sLZIP isinvolved in HDAC3 ubiquitination. As a result, sLZIP inhibited HDAC3ubiquitination when the ligand was treated (FIG. 6B).

Also, sLZIP inhibited the complementing of a coactivator PGC-1α forPPARγ2 (FIG. 6C).

Based on the result, it can be seen that sLZIP interacts with PPARγ2 toregulate the PPARγ2 transcriptional activity, and enhances the formationof the corepressor complex.

Example 5 Analysis of Binding Region of sLZIP and FABP4 Enhancer Region

In order to understand a regulatory mechanism of a DNA-binding abilityof sLZIP in an FABP4 promoter, a Transcription Element Search System(TESS) and AliBaba2, which is a program for predicting a binding regionof transcription factors, were used to analyze an FABP4 promoter region.It has been reported that PPARγ2 binds with 518-bp enhancer in adipocyteP2(FABP4) genes including two PPARγ2 binding elements, ARE6 and ARE7.Therefore, it was tried to find an expected sLZIP binding region in anFABP4 enhancer region. FIG. 7A shows a potential sLZIP binding region inthe FABP4 enhancer region.

A DNA binding ability of sLZIP with various elements in the FABP4enhancer region was examined. For this purpose, recombinant His-sLZIPfusion proteins (3 μg) were incubated with γ-³²P-labeled oligonucleotideprobes containing expected CREB binding elements (FIG. 7B). Theγ-³²P-labeled oligonucleotide probes were incubated while an amount ofpurified His-sLZIPs was increased. For competition analysis, unlabeledCREB oligonucleotide probes of 100-fold excess were used and Hisantibodies were added to a reaction mixture on ice for additional 40minutes (FIG. 7C). His-sLZIP proteins were subjected to EMSA using wildtype and CREB mutant (TGATGTCA→TGGGGTCA) probes (FIG. 7D). 293T cellswere temporarily transfected with PPARγ2 (0.5 μg), β-galactosidase (0.1μg), FABP4 enhancer-luciferase reporter genes (0.2 μg) and sLZIP mutantsat different contents (0.1 to 0.5 μg). After the transfection, the cellswere stimulated with 10 nM of RZD (FIG. 7F). A luciferase activity wasnormalized to a β-galactosidase activity and represented as a relativeactivity (fold change). All experiments were repeated three times, andbars in the graph represent mean±standard deviation. ChIP analysis wasperformed using HA-sLZIP-specific antibodies and then PCR was performed.Input chromatins or immunoprecipitated chromatins were subjected to PCRand used as a control group for variables.

As shown in FIG. 7B, sLZIP was directly bound to a CREB region.

In order to determine a specific DNA binding ability of sLZIP with aCREB element in the FABP4 enhancer region, supershift analysis usingunlabeled CREB probes of 100-fold excess and cold competition analysisusing His-antibodies were performed. As a result, a DNA binding abilityof sLZIP increased in a concentration-dependent manner (FIG. 7C).However, sLZIP was not bound to the CREB element when there werecompetitors. sLZIP was supershifted when His antibodies were treated(FIG. 7C). sLZIP was not bound to CREB mutant probes (TGATGTCA→TGGGGTCA)(FIG. 7D).

In order to confirm the EMSA result, FABP4 enhancer-luciferaseconstructs were used to examine a transcriptional activity of PPARγ2. Asa result, as shown in FIG. 7E, sLZIP decreased the transcriptionalactivity of PPARγ2 in a concentration-dependent manner. When ChIP wasperformed, sLZIPs were gathered in the CREB element in the FABP4enhancer when RZD was treated or not (FIG. 7F).

In summary, sLZIP is directly bound to the CREB element in the FABP4enhancer, and induces an increase of the corepressor complex of PPARγ2.

Example 6 Effect of sLZIP in Adipogenesis

Adipocyte differentiation is a well-regulated procedure. PPARγ2 is amajor regulator of adipogenesis, is highly expressed during adipocytedifferentiation, and regulates expression of genes involved inadipogenesis. An effect of sLZIP on adipogenesis in vivo was examined.For this purpose, in order to produce human sLZIP transgenic mice, sLZIPgenes were cloned in a pCMV-flag expression vector. The sLZIP TG micewere produced in Macrogen, Inc (Seoul, Korea) (FIG. 8A). Preadipocyteswere isolated from epididymal adipose tissues of sLZIP TG mice.Preadipocytes were transfected with FABP4 promoter reporter genes (0.2μg) and PPARγ2 (0.5 μg) containing PPAR binding elements and treatedwith or without 10 nM of RZD. A promoter activity was measured accordingto luciferase analysis (FIG. 8B). 293T cells were transientlytransfected with PPARγ2 (0.5 μg), β-galactosidase (0.1 μg), FABP4enhancer-luciferase reporter genes (0.2 μg) and mouse LZIP (0.5 μg).After the transfection, the cells were stimulated with 10 nM of RZD(FIG. 8C). A luciferase activity was normalized to a β-galactosidaseactivity and represented as a relative activity (fold change). Allexperiments were repeated three times, and bars in the graph representmean±standard deviation. The medium of C3H10T1/2 and 3T3-L1 cells wasexchanged with a differentiation medium in which 10% FBS, 5 μg/mL ofinsulin, 1 μM of dexamethasone, and 0.5 mM of IBMX were contained. TotalRNA was extracted from the cells, and an mRNA expression level of mouseLZIPs was measured using RT-PCR analysis. GAPDH was used as an internalcontrol group. An experiment was repeated three times (FIG. 8D).C3H10T1/2 and 3T3-L1 were stained with Oil Red O (FIG. 9A) andpreadipocytes were isolated from epididymal adipose tissues of sLZIP TGmice (FIG. 9B). Preadipocytes isolated from epididymal adipose tissuesof sLZIP TG mice were differentiated into adipocytes. Total RNA wasisolated from the cells, and an mRNA expression level of mouse LZIPs wasmeasured using RT-PCR (FIG. 9C) and real-time PCR (FIG. 9D).

The transcriptional activity of PPARγ2 was examined in adipocytes ofsLZIP TG mice. As a result, the transcriptional activity of PPARγ2 wasdecreased in the adipocytes of the sLZIP TG mice more than in wild typemice (FIG. 8B).

It was examined whether homologous mouse LZIPs influence atranscriptional activity and expression of PPARγ2 during adipogenesis.As a result, mouse LZIPs also decreased the transcriptional activity ofPPARγ2 compared to the control group (FIG. 8C). Interestingly, mouseLZIP expression decreased during adipocyte differentiation (FIG. 8D).

In order to confirm the luciferase analysis result, an effect of sLZIPon differentiation of multipotential mesenchymal progenitor cells intoadipocytes was examined. As a result, in oil red O staining, sLZIPinhibited adipocyte differentiation (FIG. 8E).

In order to confirm in vitro results, an effect of sLZIP when adipocytesare differentiated in vivo was examined. As a result, as shown in FIGS.9A and 9B, differentiation of primary preadipocytes and mouse embryonicfibroblasts (MEFs) isolated from sLZIP TG mice was inhibited more thanin wild type mice. Similarly to the result, expression of FABP4 andother PPARγ2 target genes, for example, C/EBPα and LPL, was alsodown-regulated (FIGS. 9C and 9D).

In conclusion, as shown in FIG. 10, sLZIP inhibits the transcriptionalactivity of PPARγ2, and thereby serves as a negative regulator onadipocytes differentiation in vitro and in vivo.

The present invention can be used as a therapeutic agent for diabetes orobesity.

1. A composition for inhibiting differentiation of mesenchymal stemcells into adipocytes comprising human small leucine-zipper proteins asa differentiation regulator.
 2. The composition according to claim 1,wherein the human small leucine-zipper protein is represented by anamino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:
 1. 3. A composition forpreventing or treating diabetes comprising human small leucine-zipperproteins.
 4. The composition according to claim 3, wherein the humansmall leucine-zipper protein is represented by an amino acid sequenceset forth in SEQ ID NO:
 1. 5. The composition according to claim 3,wherein the human small leucine-zipper protein is included as a naturalor recombinant protein type or a transformed stem cell type thatoverexpresses the human small leucine-zipper protein.
 6. A compositionfor preventing or treating obesity comprising an inhibitor of humansmall leucine-zipper proteins.
 7. The composition according to claim 6,wherein the human small leucine-zipper protein is represented by anamino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:
 1. 8. The compositionaccording to claim 6, wherein the human small leucine-zipper protein isincluded as a natural or recombinant protein type or a transformed stemcell type that overexpresses the human small leucine-zipper protein. 9.A screening method of a medicine for preventing or treating diabetes,comprising: bringing genes of human small leucine-zipper proteins incontact with a candidate material outside a human body; and determiningwhether the candidate material promotes or inhibits expression of thegene.
 10. A screening method of a medicine for preventing or treatingdiabetes, comprising: bringing human small leucine-zipper proteins incontact with a candidate material outside a human body; and determiningwhether the candidate material promotes or inhibits a function or anactivity of the protein.
 11. A screening method of a medicine forpreventing or treating obesity, comprising: bringing genes of humansmall leucine-zipper proteins in contact with a candidate materialoutside a human body; and determining whether the candidate materialpromotes or inhibits expression of the gene.
 12. A screening method of amedicine for preventing or treating obesity, comprising: bringing humansmall leucine-zipper proteins in contact with a candidate materialoutside a human body; and determining whether the candidate materialpromotes or inhibits a function or an activity of the protein.